(Komi-Permyak)

Pst

Pst: There is either but one grammatically distinct past tense or several ones that are differentiated by principles other than expressing the distance of the event in time.

(1)tönirinaverd-i-smös-sö.
yesterdayIrinafeedPST3SGcowACC.3SG
’Yesterday Irina fed the/her cow.’ (L. P.)

(2)tönirinaverd-ömmös-sö.
yesterdayIrinafeedPST2.3SGcowACC.3SG
’(They say that) Yesterday Irina fed the/her cow.’ (L. P.)

(3)tönirinaverd-ömvöl-imös-sö.
yesterdayIrinafeedPST2.3SGbePST.3SGcowACC.3SG
’(They say that) yesterday Irina fed the/her cow.’ (L. P.)

(4)lizamiśśöt-i-sbekörpań(sek),körćeľaď-ysvod-i-söuź-ny.
LizawashPST3SGdishthenwhenchildren3SGgoPST3PLsleepINF
’After the children went to bed Liza washed the dishes.’ (L. P.)

(5)perem-ynuǯav-töʒ́-ʒ́amvelötć-iiževsk-yn.
PermINEworkCVB 1SGstudyPST.1SGIzhevskINE
’I studied in Izhevsk before working in Perm.’ (L. P.)

Komi-Permyak has two synthetic (1)–(2) and three anayltical past tenses such as the one in (3) (Bartens 2000: 179–215, Ponomareva 2002: 132–140). The first and second past tense forms do not encode distance in time (1)–(2). In the analytical past tenses the auxiliary völ- ’be’ is used, which can have either the first (völi) or the second (völöm) synthetic past tense form. The analytical past tense forms of the verb munny ‘go’: a) main verb in present tense + auxiliary in first past tense, third person singular: munö völi, b) main verb in second past tense + auxiliary in first past tense, third person singular: munöm(a) völi, c) main verb in second past tense + auxiliary in second past tense, third person singular: munöm(a) völöm. In analytical forms only the main verb is inflected for person and number, e.g. muna völi ‘I went’, munan völi ‘you went’, munö völi ‘he/she went’. Citing earlier work, Cypanov (2005: 140–143) identifies forms such as munöm(a) völi as plusquamperfekt tense, with the function of expressing resultative past events preceding another past event. Ponomareva (2002) accounts for this form along similar lines, adding that this is primarily true for the Komi-Zuryen varieties, while the evidence available in Komi-Permyak is inconclusive. According to native speakers, however, this past tense form can also be used for non-distant past events (3). Anteriority and posteriority in the language are expressed using the first synthetic past tense (4) or non-finite subordination (5) (cf. Bartens 2000: 232–265, Lobanova 2018: 25–26). More research is needed on this question.

Author: Nikolett F. Gulyás


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