(Meadow Mari)

(InitCpl) & FinalCpl & Else & Q

(InitCpl): The only structural difference between dependent and independent polar questions is the optional use of a clause-initial subordinating complementizer with the former.

FinalCpl: The only structural difference between dependent and independent polar questions is the obligatory use of a clause-final or clause-medial subordinating complementizer with the former.

Q: The only structural difference between dependent and independent polar questions is the obligatory use of a question particle with the former.

Else: The structural differences between dependent and independent clauses are special.

(1)tudojod-o,štoməjjəlməzeul-ammo.
(s)heaskPST1.3SGthatIlinguistbe1SGQ
’(S)he asked if I was a linguist.’ (T. E.)

(2)tudojod-o,məjjəlməzeul-ammo.
(s)heaskPST1.3SGIlinguistbe1SGQ
’(S)he asked if I was a linguist.’ (T. E.)

(3)məjjəlməzeul-ammomanjod-o.
Ilinguistbe1SGQthataskPST1.3SG
’(S)he asked if I was a linguist.’ (T. E.)

(4)məj-ənjəlməzeul-me-m(-əm)jod-o.
IGENlinguistbePTC.PASS1SG(ACC)askPST1.3SG
’(S)he asked if I was a linguist. ((S)he asked about my being a linguist.)’ (T. E.)

Dependent polar questions can be formed in one of four ways in Meadow Mari: following the Russian pattern, the dependent clause appearing after the matrix clause can be introduced by the optional conjunction što ’that’ (1)–(2); alternatively, the dependent clause can precede the matrix clause and have the obligatory conjunction man(ən) ’that’ (lit. ’said’) at the end (3). In these cases the interrogative particle mo is obligatory. The fourth strategy is embedding the dependent clause as the object of the matrix clause using the participle form of the dependent verb (4).

Author: Bogáta Timár


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