(Meadow Mari)

Pst

Pst: There is either but one grammatically distinct past tense or several ones that are differentiated by other principles than expressing the distance of the event in time.

(1)vuč-en-at, datol-əm.
waitPST22SG andcomePST11SG
‘You waited and I came.’ (Smirnov-Semenger 2009: 231)

(2)tačeerdenekudšagat-lankəńel-ə-m.
todaymorningsixhourDATget_upPST11SG
‘I got up at six this morning.’ (Riese et al. 2022: 214)

(3)nadjuštačeerdenekudšagat-lankəńel-ən.
NadyushtodaymorningsixhourDATget_upPST13SG
‘Nadyush got up at six this morning.’ (T. E.)

(4)məjjal-əštešoč-ən-am.
IcountrysideINEbe_bornPST21SG
‘I was born in the countryside.’ (Riese et al. 2022: 220)

(5)škol-əštolud-ašjörat-en-na.
schoolINEreadINFlikePST21SG
‘We used to enjoy reading at school.’ (T. E.)

In Meadow Mari there are two simple past tenses. The choice between them depends on several factors, temporal distance being only one of them according to most sources. The first past tense is mostly used when the time of the event and speech time are not too distant (Pengitov et al. 1961: 184), (Alhoniemi 1985: 121), or the event has an effect on the speech time (Riese et al. 2022: 213-214). As opposed to this, the second past tense is used in case the speech time and event time are more distant. The second past tense, however, can also be used for recent past events if independent factors (e.g. evidentiality or mirativity) so require.

Apart from this Meadow Mari has for complex past tenses. How they relate to each other in terms of temporal distance as well as their temporal distance from the time of speech is subject to further research.

Author: Bogáta Timár


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