(Udmurt)
AuxNotVInfl & AuxVInfl
AuxNotVInfl: Auxiliaries are verbs, but the inflection of auxiliaries is not identical to that of lexical verbs.
AuxVInfl: Auxiliary verbs are verbs, and the inflection of lexical and auxiliary verbs is the same.
| (1) | pereś | kyšnomurt | otyn | | ul-e | val. |
|---|
| old | woman | there | live‑3SG | AUX.PST1 |
| ’The old woman lived there.’ (Bartens 2000: 209) |
| (2) | stuďent-jos | dorazy | śotem | už-ez | tolon | ik |
|---|
| student‑PL | to.3PL | give‑PTCP.PST | work‑ACC | yesterday | PCL |
| bydesti-iľľam | vylem. | | | | |
| finish‑PST2.3PL | AUX.PST2 | | | | |
| ’The students (allegedly) did the homework given to them yesterday already.’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 269) |
| (3) | kös | pispu-os-ty | ǯegatsky-tek | kora-ny | kule. |
|---|
| dry | tree‑PL‑ACC | delay‑CVB.NEG | cut‑INF | must |
| ‘Dead trees must be cut down without delay.’ (UdmCorp.) |
| (4) | mon | tynyd | kule | övöl. | ton | my nym | kule | övöl. |
|---|
| I | you.DAT | need | NEG | you | I.DAT | | need | NEG |
| ‘You don’t need me. I don’t need you.” (web, see below) |
| (5) | sobere | gine | otćy | ju | kiśty-ny | jara. |
|---|
| then | only | there.ILL | grain | pour‑INF | be_allowed |
| ’Grain may be poured there only after that.’ (UdmCorp.) |
| (6) | heľsinki-yn | tolalte | šunyt, | uram-yn | iźy-tek | no | vetly-ny |
|---|
| Helsinki‑INE | winter | warm | street‑INE | hat‑ABE | too | go‑INF |
| lue. | | | | | | | |
| be_possible.3SG | | | | | | | |
| ’It is warm in Helsinki in the winter, it is even possible to walk the streets without wearing a hat.’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 108) |
| (7) | so-ly | pyry-ny | jara-lo-z=a? |
|---|
| (s)he‑DAT | enter‑INF | may‑FUT‑3SG=Q |
| ’May (s)he enter?’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 108) |
| (8) | tynad | lykt-em-ed | öz | luy. |
|---|
| you.GEN | come‑PTCP.PST‑2SG | NEG.PST.3 | will_be.CNG.SG |
| ’You couldn’t come.’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 232) |
| (9) | puńńa-m | ös-ez | uśton-tek | uśty-ny | uz | luy. |
|---|
| lock‑PTCP.PST | door‑ACC | key‑ABE | open‑INF | NEG.FUT.3 | will_be.CNG.SG |
| ‘A locked door cannot be opened without a key.’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 109) |
| (10) | pegʒ́y-ny | kule | övöl. |
|---|
| escape‑INF | must | NEG.PRS |
| ’(...) don’t have to run away (...)’ (UdmCorp.) |
| (11) aľi | m. bulgakov-leś, | f. dostojevskij-leś | | vań |
|---|
| now | M. Bulgakov‑ABL | F. Dostoyevsky‑ABL | all |
| proizveďeńi-os-ses | lydʒ́y-sa | pot-i. |
| work‑PL‑ACC.3PL | | read‑CVB | go_out‑PST.1SG |
‘By now I have read all the works of M. Bulgakov and F. Dostoyevsky.’ (UdmCorp.)
In Udmurt some of the auxiliaries are uninflected: the auxiliaries val and vylem (1)– (2), used in complex past tenses and combining with inflected verb forms are typical representatives of this group. Other auxiliaries such as the modal auxiliaries kule ’must’ (3)–(4), jara ’may’ (5), lue ’be possible’ (6) do not inflect for person and number. The auxiliaries jara (7) and lue (as opposed to kule) inflect similarly to verbs (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 104–109). Modal auxiliaries differ in their negated forms as well: jara and lue inflect the same way as any other negated 3rd person singular verb (8)–(9), whereas the negative form of kule is formed using the negative particle övöl (4), (10).
A third group of auxiliaries inflects exactly the same way as verbs: these include grammaticalized verbs appearing in converb constructions that can be regarded as aspectual auxiliaries (see e.g. Horváth 2011), such as potyny (lit. ‘go out’) expressing telicity and perfectivity (11).
Author: Laura Horváth
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