(Udmurt)

NPPnonobl + Aux

NPPnonobl: The indirect object may be optionally marked by the explicit use of the noun or an independent pronoun.

Aux: The indirect object is marked by the use of an auxiliary, which may also mark other grammatical categories.

(1)jegit-jos-lysokudunjetśot-o-zy
youngPLDATthenawardgiveFUT3SG
moskva-yśtodmoartist-jos.
MoscowELATknownartistPL
’Then famous Moscow artists will confer awards on the young.’ (UdmCorp.)

(2)so-lyköńa kečorygśot-ovylem.
(s)heDAThow_much PCLfishgive3PLAUX.PST2
They gave him/her some fish.’ (UdmCorp.)

(3)tazalyk-ezľabʒ́-em-en,bydesgaźet-ez
health3SGweakenPTCPINSCOMwholenewspaperACC
lyʒ́ʒ́y-saśot-iśk-o.
readCVBgivePRS1SG
’As his/her health has deteriorated, I am reading him/her the whole newspaper.’ (UdmCorp.)

In Udmurt, recipients (indirect objects) are marked by the explicit use of a dative noun (1), or a dative pronoun (2). Occasionally, in grammaticalized converb constructions, the converb may have a lexical meaning; when used together with a verb form originally meaning ‘give’ to express perfective aspect, the benefactive role associated with it can imply the presence of the indirect object. In such sentences the recipient can remain implicit (3).

Author: Laura Horváth


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