(Udmurt)

PNPonly

PNPonly: The direct object is exclusively marked through the use of a noun or independent pronoun, and with the exception of required word order in some languages, no other morphosyntactic strategies for direct object marking are available.

(1)monkńigalyʒ́ʒ́-iśk-o.
IbookreadPRS1SG
’I read books.’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 31)

(2)montakńiga-jezlyʒ́ʒ́-iśk-o.
IDEMbookACCreadPRS1SG
’I am reading this book.’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 32)

(3)pöja-duktonmon-e.
deceivePST.2SGPCLyouIACC
‘And you deceived me.’ (Csúcs 2003: 1)

In Udmurt, direct objects can only be expressed by the explicit use of a noun (1)–(2) or pronoun (3). In case the object is definite/specific it has an accusative form (2)–(3) (cf. Csúcs 2003, Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 144–148, É. Kiss – Tánczos 2018), otherwise it is morphologically unmarked (i.e. when it is indefinite/non-specific, cf. Csúcs 2003, Keľmakov & Hännikäinen 2008: 31–32, 147–148, É. Kiss – Tánczos 2018) (1).

Author: Laura Horváth


[🠐 back]