(Udmurt)
PPGenOblPoss(Aff) / PPGenPoss(Aff)
PPGenOblPoss(Aff): The possessor is expressed by the personal pronoun in non-base form, alongside which affixation of the possessed noun is optional.
PPGenPoss(Aff): The possessor is expressed by the personal pronoun in base form, alongside which affixation of the possessed noun is variable.
| (1) | (mynam) | kńiga-je |
|---|
| I.GEN | book‑1SG |
| ’my book’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 86) |
| (2) | (tynad) | agaj-ed |
|---|
| you.GEN | older_brother‑2SG |
| ’your older brother’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 86) |
| (3) | (so-len) | dyšetiś-ez |
|---|
| (s)he‑GEN | teacher‑3SG |
| ’his/her teacher’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 86) |
| (4) | so | tod-e | myneśtym | soperńica-me. |
|---|
| (s)he | know‑3SG | I.ABL | opponent.F‑ACC.1SG |
| ’(S)he knows my opponent.’ (UdmCorp.) |
| (5) | mon | ki-ja-m |
|---|
| I | hand‑INE‑1SG |
| ’in my hand’ (Edygarova 2009: 102) |
| (6) | mon | ki-yn | ćeber | köľy. |
|---|
| I | hand‑INE | nice | pebble |
| ’There’s a nice pebble in my hand.’ (UdmCorp.) |
| (7) | mynam-ez | pi(-je) |
|---|
| I.GEN‑DET | boy(‑1SG) |
| ’my son’ (Winkler 2011: 64) |
| (8) | mynam | nyr | öžytak | ošiśk-i-z | ik. |
|---|
| I.GEN | nose | a_little | droop‑PST‑3SG | PCL |
| ’I started feeling a little sad.’ (UdmCorp.) |
| (9) | miľam | kolkhoz | uzyr. |
|---|
| we.GEN | kolkhoz | rich |
| ’Our kolkhoz is rich.’ (Vakhrushev 1970: 101) |
In Udmurt pronominal possessors have an optional genitive suffix (or, in case the possessive construction is in accusative case, an ablative one, see e.g. Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 126), with the possessed noun having an affix in the most typical case (1)–(4). Occasionally, possessors can have a nominative form (5)–(6) (Edygarova 2009: 102): in this case the possessive person suffix appears on the possessed noun (5), but, even more rarely, that may be absent as well (6). The possessed noun tends to have an affix (1)–(5), which can be missing when the possessor carries a determinative suffix (7) (cf. Winkler 2011: 64, Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 86–87). Other cases when the possessed noun is not marked are also attested, which are not driven by syntactic considerations: in Udmurt, body parts, abstract and inalienable nouns can be unmarked possessed nominals (6). which according to Vakhrushev (1970: 101) characterizes the spoken language. Personal pronouns can also be possessors in such constructions, mostly in non-nominative case (8)–(9), but nominative forms are also attested occasionally (6). Unmarked possessed nouns are not completely ruled out with alienable possession either (9). Further research is needed to establish the details.
Author: Laura Horváth
[🠐 back]
