(Udmurt)
PsrPrdKopPossHab +NonPx
PsrPrdKopPossHab: The predicate is copular, and the possessor appears in the same form as the habitive form, which is not distinct from the adnominative form.
+NonPx: The possessed noun appears without a possessive suffix.
| (1) | so | kńiga-os | student-len. |
|---|
| DEM | book‑PL | student‑GEN |
| ’Those books belong to the student.’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 78) |
| (2) | so | kńiga-os | student-len | övöl. |
|---|
| DEM | book‑PL | student‑GEN | COP.NEG |
| ’Those books do not belong to the student.’ (Y. S.) |
| (3) | student-len | tros | kńiga-os-yz | vań. |
|---|
| student‑GEN | many | book‑PL‑3SG | be |
| ’The student has many books.’ (Y. S.) |
| (4) | Saša-len | kyk | nylpi-jez. |
|---|
| Sasha‑GEN | two | child‑3SG |
| ’Sasha has two children.’ (Asztalos et al. 2021: 258) |
| (5) | student-len | kńiga-os-yz | ćeber-eŚ. |
|---|
| student‑GEN | book‑PL‑3SG | nice‑PL |
| ’The student’s books are nice.’ (Y. S.) |
| (6) | śergej-len | mylkyd | lobdʒ́-ono | kaď. |
|---|
| Sergey‑GEN | mood | | raise‑PTCP.NEC as |
| ’Sergey is in a good mood.’ (Asztalos et al. 2021: 259) |
| (7) | öz | | ćida | | śulm-yz | petyr-len. |
|---|
| NEG.PST.3 | bear.CNG‑SG | heart‑3SG | Peter‑GEN |
| ’Peter’s heart could not bear it.’ (Asztalos 2018: 169) |
| (8) | so, | pe, | aďami-leś | śin-jos-se | | uśt-i-z. |
|---|
| (s)he | PCL | person‑ABL | eye‑PL‑3SG.ACC | open‑PST‑3SG |
| ’(S)he, so to say, opened people’s eyes.’ (Asztalos 2018: 169) |
In Udmurt, the form of the possessor in possessor predication sentences (1)–(2) may be the same as that of possessive sentences (3)–(4) and adnominal possessive constructions (5)–(7): in all the three cases possessors have genitive case. The only exception is when – out of the three constructions only for habitive and adnominal (8) possession – the possessed item is in accusative case. The possessor in such constructions has ablative case, but in possessor predication sentences it is always genitive. It is true for all the structures that the possessor most commonly precedes the possessee, however, e.g. in adnominal possession, possessee – possessor orders are also attested (7), but it is relatively rare (Asztalos 2018: 168–174). Concerning the markers on the possessed item it can be stated that in possessive predication constructions there is no person marking on it (1)–(2), while in the other two it is common, but can be absent too in certain cases (6) (for more information see Asztalos et al. 2021: 257–259, Edygarova 2010: 235). In possessive predication sentences (as opposed to habitive ones) there is a copula, visible only under certain conditions: it is not present in indicative mood, present tense (1), but does appear in future and past tenses, negative sentences (2), conditional and imperative mood. In habitive sentences there is an existential verb, which is present in indicative mood, present tense (3) (as well as past and future tenses and conditional and imperative mood), but, rather rarely, can also be missing (4) (cf. Asztalos et. al 2021: 257–258).
Author: Laura Horváth
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