(Udmurt)
VolV + VtmNonF + VtumExpl & VolV + VtmNonF + VtumImpl & VolAff + VtmV + VtumExpl & VolAff + VtmV + VtumImpl
VolV: Volition is expressed using a finite verb.
VtmNonF: The desired event is expressed by a non-finite verb form (infinitive, participle, converb).
VtumExpl: The linguistic unit expressing the desired event includes explicit reference to the agent desiring the event.
VtumImpl: The linguistic unit expressing the desired event does not include explicit reference to the agent desiring the event.
VolAff: Volition is expressed by an affix.
VtmV: The desired event is expressed using a finite verb.
(1) | (mynam) | iź-em-e | pot-e. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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I.GEN | sleep‑PTCP.PST‑1SG | go_out‑3SG | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
’I want to sleep.’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 229) |
(2) | mon | ton-e | kura-ny | med-iśk-o. | byź-o-d=a? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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I | you‑ACC | ask‑INF | intend‑PRS‑1SG | marry‑FUT‑2SG=Q | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
’I want you to be my wife. Will you marry me?’ (UdmCorp.) |
(3) | syče | urod | mylkyd | so | ponna, | skajp | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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so | bad | mood | it | for | skype | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
inty-je | so | aďami-os-yz | ulep-en | adʒ́y-sal (...) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
place‑ILL | DEM | person‑PL‑ACC | live‑INSCOM | see‑COND | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
’I’m in such a bad mood because of it, I would prefer seeing those people live rather than via skype.’ (UdmCorp.) |
(4) | papa ju-a: | noš | kytćy myny-sal-yd? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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daddy ask‑3SG | but | where go‑COND‑2SG | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
’Daddy asks: And where would you go?’ (UdmCorp.) |
In Udmurt, the combination of the possessive suffixed form of the -(e)m participle with the third person singular form of the verb potyny ’go out’ forms a volitive construction (cf. Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 229–230, Klumpp 2016: 564–565). In these constructions volition is expressed by the verb potyny, with the participle expressing the desired event. The participle is explicitly marked for the agent desiring the event using the possessive suffix. Accompanying the possessive suffix, the logical subject can also be realized optionally as a noun or pronoun in a genitive case form (1).
As an alternative to this pattern, volition can also be expressed using the verb medyny ’want, intend, be planning to’ with an infinitival object: in this case there is no explicit reference to the agent desiring the event in the infinitive (2). Volition and intention can also be expressed by the conditional mood marker -sal, which tends to follow the verbal stem directly (3). The suffix -sal can optionally be marked for person in second and third person singular and first, second or third person plural (4).
Author: Laura Horváth