(Udmurt)
AsymFinCop & AsymCatNonPdg
AsymFinCop: Affirmative sentences use finite verbs, while negative sentences use nonfinite verbs, with the grammatical categories of the verb partially or wholly expressed by the copula or the verb of negation.
AsymCatNonPdg: Negative sentences involve the use of negative-specific morphemes to mark grammatical categories such as person, number, tense, aspect, and mood on the verb, in contrast to their affirmative counterparts. The marked categories themselves do not differ between affirmative and negative sentences.
| (1) | min-iśk-od |
|---|
| go‑PRS‑2SG |
| ’you go’ (Edygarova 2015: 267) |
| (2) | u-d | myn-iśk-y |
|---|
| NEG‑2 | go‑PRS‑CNG.SG |
| ’you don’t go’ (Edygarova 2015: 267) |
| (3) | myn-iśko-dy |
|---|
| go‑PRS‑2PL |
| ’you (all) go’ (Edygarova 2015: 267) |
| (4) | u-d | myn-iśk-e |
|---|
| NEG‑2 | go‑PRS‑CNG.PL |
| ’you (all) don’t go’ (Edygarova 2015: 267) |
| (5) | myn-o-d |
|---|
| go‑FUT‑SG2 |
| ’you will go’ (Edygarova 2015: 267) |
| (6) | u-d | myny |
|---|
| NEG.FUT‑2 | go.CNG.SG |
| ’you won’t go’ (Edygarova 2015: 267) |
| (7) | u-z | myny |
|---|
| NEG.FUT‑3 | go.CNG.SG |
| ’(s)he won’t go’ (Edygarova 2015: 267) |
| (8) | u-g | myny |
|---|
| NEG‑3 | go.CNG.SG |
| ’(s)he doesn’t go’ (Edygarova 2015: 267) |
| (9) | u-g | myny |
|---|
| NEG.FUT‑1 | go.CNG.SG |
| ’I won’t go’ (Edygarova 2015: 267) |
| (10) | ton | myn-em-ed. |
|---|
| you | go‑PST2‑2SG |
| ’You went.’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 199) |
| (11) | ton | myny-mte-jed. |
|---|
| you | go‑NEG.PST2‑2SG |
| ’You didn’t go.’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 199) |
| (12) | ton | övöl | myn-em-ed. |
|---|
| you | AUX.NEG | go‑ PST2‑2SG |
| ’You didn’t go.’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 199) |
In Udmurt, present tense, and simple and complex witnessed past tenses negation is formed with the help of an inflected negative verb: a u-stem in present and future, and an ö-stem in the past, which agree in person with the subject (1)–(4), and may also encode tense (Edygarova 2015: 267). The u-stem of the negative verb itself does not include tense reference ((5)–(6), (see the form of the negative verb in present tense in (4)), however, in third person negative forms the negative verb does express a future meaning (7), since the -z suffix can be used for person marking only in the future tense (in present tense the suffix -g is used, see (8)).
The negative verb is followed by the so-called connegative stem, which has no person marking but is marked for number (1)–(4), and, together with the negative verb, makes the tense explicit as well: often it is the combined form of the negative verb and the connegative stem that encode their functions in the sentence. In the inflectional paradigm homonyms can also be found: in third person singular present tense negatives (8) the connegative stem has the same form as the first person singular future tense connegative stem ((6), (9)). In first person singular future tense even the form of the negative verb is the same (9).
In non-witnessed past forms negation is expressed without the negative verb using the negative suffix -mte, or with the help of the negative particle övöl, placed before the inflected verb ((10)–(12)).
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