(Udmurt)

NoWhenMark & WhenV & WhenWV2 (+WhenWV1)

NoWhenMark: When-clauses are not marked as such. The two events are described in juxtaposition, and the temporal relationship between them must be inferred logically or based on contextual cues.

WhenV: When-clauses are marked by the use of a special verb form.

WhenWV2: When-clauses are marked by the use of an independent word (conjunction) within the clause.

WhenWV1: When-clauses are marked by the use of an independent word within the main clause.

(1)peťagurt-ebert-i-z,monpöraśky-nykutsk-i.
PetyahomeILLcome_homePST3SGIcookINFstartPST.3PL
’Petya came home, I started cooking.’ (Y. S. )

(2)urok-josbyry-sa,pinal-josuľća-jeköžy
lessonPLendCVBchildPLstreetILLpea
kaďpaźgiśk-i-zy.
likescatterPST3PL
’The lesson having ended, the kids scattered on the street like peas.’ (Shutov 2011: 277)

(3)kukemyl-zypot-e,sokupredsedaťeľdorylykt-o.
whenmood3PLcome3SGthenpresidenttocome3PL
’They will come to the president when they feel like it.’ (Vakhrushev et al. 1974: 59)

In Udmurt, a temporal adverbial meaning can be expressed by simply juxtaposing clauses with finite verbs (cf. Vakhrushev et al. 1974: 116–118) (1), using a non-finite construction (2), or with clauses introduced by a temporal subordinating conjunction (3). Optionally, the main clause can contain a reference word associated with embedded clauses introduced by a temporal subordinator (3).

Author: Erika Asztalos


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