(Udmurt)

NomConj=VConj & Juxta & NomConjNotVConj

NomConj=VConj: Nominal conjunction and verbal conjunction are expressed through the use of the same coordinating conjunction(s).

Juxta: Both nominal and verbal conjunction are expressed through juxtaposition.

NomConjNotVConj: Nominal conjunction and verbal conjunction are expressed through distinct strategies.

(1)śödśam-enzibyl-i-zeksejpraviťeľstvoužaš-jos-leś
blackwayINSCOMsuppressPST3SGtzargovernmentworkerPLABL
nokresťan-jos-leśbugyrjaśkon-jos-ses.
andpeasantPLABLriotPL3PL.ACC
’The tzar ruthlessly suppressed the riot of civil servants and peasants.’ (Perevoshchikov et al. 1962: 219)

(2)kyrʒ́ano ekty:taudmurtgetto.
sing.IMP.2SGanddance.IMP.2SGthisUdmurtghetto
’Sing and dance: this is the Udmurt ghetto.’ (Darali 2012)

(3)sokuvoź-jos,ńules-josulʒ́-o,busy-ossajka-lo.
thenmeadowPLforestPLrevive3PLfieldPLawaken3PL
’Then the meadows, the forests revive, the fields awaken.’ (Vakhrushev et al. 1974: 111)

(4)valt-iśgeroj-lenkyšno-jez uj-en -nunal-en
leadPTCP.IPF heroGENwife3SGnightINSCOMdayINSCOM
naušńik-jos-ynvetl-e, “ťeľevizionnyjrodstveńńik-jos-yn” veraśk-e.
headsetPLINSCOMgo3SGtelevisionrelativePLINSCOMtalk3SG
’The wife of the main character walks about with a headset day and night, talking with the “TV-relatives”.’ (Marjalen zareźez: Bredberija ulon)

(5)noštakjankenakpeťa-jenbusy-jevamyšt-i-zy.
butTatyanaauntiePetyaINSCOMfieldILLwalkPST3PL
’But auntie Tatyana and Petya walked to the field.’ (Perevoshchikov et al. 1962: 103)

In Udmurt, both nominal and verbal conjunctions can be formed with the help of the coordinating conjunction no ’and’ (1)–(2) or juxtaposition (3)–(4) (cf. Perevoshchikov et al. 1962: 324–325, Alatyrev et al. 1970: 219, Vakhrushev et al. 1974: 11–18, 28–32, 110–127, Winkler 2011: 63, 72–73, Zubova 2019). Nominal conjunction can also be indicated by an instrumental-comitative case suffix (5), since, in the presence of a plural predicate, combining the subjects with a nominal in instrumental-comitative case is understood as coordination and not as comitative modification (Zubova 2019). Verbal conjunctions cannot be formed using an instrumental-comitative form.

Author: Erika Asztalos


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