(Udmurt)
VAux & AuxV
VAux: The auxiliary follows the main verb.
AuxV: The auxiliary precedes the main verb.
| (1) | puni-my | jalan | byźy-ly-sa | ujy-l-e | val | yž-jos-yz. |
|---|
| dog‑1PL | always | run‑FQV‑CVB | chase‑FQV‑3SG | AUX.PST | sheep‑PL‑ACC |
| ’Our dog always chased the sheep running.’ (UdmCorp.) |
| (2) | stuďent-jos | dorazy | śot-em | už-ez | tolon | ik | bydest-iľľam | vylem. |
|---|
| student‑PL | for.3PL | give‑PTCP.PST | work‑ACC | yesterday | PCL | finish‑PST2.3PL | AUX.PST2 |
| ’The students (are said to ) have done the homework yesterday already.’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 269) |
| (3) | tynad | lykt-em-ed | öz | luy. |
|---|
| you.GEN | come‑PTCP.PST‑2SG | NEG.PST.3 | will_be.CNG.SG |
| ’You couldn’t come.’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 232) |
| (4) | puńńa-m | ös-ez | uśton-tek | uśty-ny | uz | luy. |
|---|
| lock‑PTCP.PST | door‑ACC | key‑ABE | open‑INF | NEG.FUT.3 | will_be.CNG.SG |
| ‘A locked door cannot be opened without a key.’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 109) |
| (5) | övöl | myn-em-ed |
|---|
| NEG.PST2 | go‑PST2‑2SG |
| ’you did not go’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 199) |
| (6) | aľi | m. bulgakov-leś, | f. dostojevskij-leś | vań |
|---|
| now | M. Bulgakov‑ABL | F. Dostoyevsky‑ABL | all |
| proizveďeńi-os-ses | lydʒ́y-sa | pot-i. |
| work‑PL‑ACC.3PL | read‑CVB | go_out‑PST.1SG |
| ‘I have read all the works of M. Bulgakov and F. Dostoyevsky.’ (UdmCorp.) |
| (7) | ńyľ | čas | ta-leś | aźlo | bydt-i | lydʒ́y-sa | kńiga-jez. |
|---|
| four | hour | this‑ABL | before | finish‑PST.1SG | read‑CVB | book‑ACC |
| ’I finished reading the book four hours ago.’ (UdmCorp.) |
In Udmurt, the auxiliaries used in complex tenses follow the main verb (1)–(2), but the negative auxiliaries usually precede it (3)–(4). In the so-called second past tense, however, the auxiliary precedes the main verb in the analytic forms (of northern and middle dialect origin) of negative sentences (5) (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 199, Bartens 2000: 187). Verbs appearing in grammaticalized converb constructions with an aspectual role, such as potyny (lit. ‘go out’) usually follow the participle: in these cases the converb contributes the lexical meaning to the construction, while the verb combining with it can be interpreted as an aspectual marker (also contingent on the context) (Horváth 2010, 2011). The aspectual auxiliary in such constructions usually follows (6), more rarely precedes (7) the participle.
Author: Laura Horváth
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