(Udmurt)
2DC
2DC: Demonstrative pronouns display a two-way distance contrast (near and far).
| demonstrative pronoun | singular | plural (pronominal + adnominal pronoun in determinative form) |
|---|
| proximal | ta | ta-os |
| distal | so | so-os |
| (1) | ta | gurt |
|---|
| this | village |
| ’this village’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 61) |
| (2) | so | gurt |
|---|
| that | village |
| ’az a falu’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 61) |
| (3) | ta | gurt-jos-yn |
|---|
| this | village‑PL‑INE |
| ’in these villages’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 61) |
| (4) | so | gurt-jos-yn |
|---|
| that | village‑PL‑INE |
| ’in those villages’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 61) |
| (5) | ta-os-yśt-yz | šur-jos-yś |
|---|
| this‑PL‑ELA‑DET | river‑PL‑ELA |
| ’from these rivers’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 63) |
| (6) | so-os-yśt-yz | šur-jos-yś |
|---|
| that‑PL‑ELA‑DET | river‑PL‑ELA |
| ’from those rivers’ (Y. S.) |
| (7) | kyźy | meda | ta-os | leśt-em-yn? |
|---|
| how | whether | this‑PL | prepare‑PST.PTCP‑INE |
| ’How could they be made?’ (UdmCorp.) |
In Udmurt demonstratives can mark the distance of the object indicated: they have proximal and distal variants (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 61, Winkler 2011: 73). These pronouns can have adnominal ((1)–(6)) as well as pronominal (7) functions. When used as pronouns they can be suffixed (7), adnominal demonstratives, on the other hand, are marked for number and case only in the presence of the determinative suffix ((5)–(6) vs. (3)–(4)). (Csúcs 1998: 288, Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 62–63, Winkler 2011: 74)
Author: Laura Horváth
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