(Udmurt)

VinfCase & VInf=NomCase

VInfCase: Case is marked on nouns; some case affixes attach directly to nonfinites as well, such that the inflected nonfinite serves a non-nominal (e.g., adverbial) function.

VInf=NomCase: Case is marked on nouns; some case affixes attach to nonfinites as well if these nonfinites serve a pronominal function.

(1)ulon-zyšuglu-em-yś, kyšno-jeznošikkart-se
life3PLhardbePTCP.PRFELAwifedetagainPCLhusband3SG.ACC
sopereśkyšnodoryleź-em.
theoldwomantoletPST2.3SG
’As their life was hard, the wife let her husband go to the old woman again.’ (Shutov 2011a: 290)

(2)kwar-josčužekty-nykutsk-em-en,bydesakńulesaľi
leafPLyellowinfbeginPTCp.PRFINSCOMfullyforestnow
zarńivuatkaďadsk-e.
golden_coverasseem3SG
’As the leaves have started turning yellow, the forest completely looks now just as if it were covered in gold.’ (Alasheeva et al. 2011: 291)

(3)nunal-josortć-em-ja,taśanokaľľenasuž-ezbordydyš-i-z.
dayPLpassPTCP.PRFADVTasyaalsoslowlyownwork3SGtoget_usedPST3SG
’As the days passed, Tasya also got used to her work slowly.’ (Shutov 2011a: 292)

(4)aďamikos-em-jaikvumurtleśt-em.
manorderPTCP.PRFADVPCLwater_ghostdoPST2.3SG
’The water-ghost did what the man ordered him.’ (Shutov 2011a: 293)

(5)iľafomićpapka-os-tyesker-enosut-ono-os-seignat
IljaFomichfolderPLACCcheck3SGandburnPTCP.NECDET.ACCIgnat
ki-jeśot-e.
handILLgive3SG
’Ilja Fomich is checking the folders and is handing over to Ignat the ones meant to be burnt.’ (Shutov 2011b: 268)

In Udmurt past participles can be marked for elative (1), instrumental-comitative (2), and adverbial (3) case. Non-finite clauses thus created have an adverbial function in the sentence: elative and instrumental-comitative nonfinites are typically adverbial clauses of purpose (Shutov 2011a: 290), l. (1)–(2), whereas structures with an adverbial case marker usually have a temporal adverbial function (Shutov 2011a: 292) (3), though the latter can express other adverbial meanings as well, such as manner (4).

Past participles can also be case marked when they have a pronominal function (5).

Author: Erika Asztalos


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