(Udmurt)
SyncSP
SyncSP: Verbs show person and number agreement with the subject; the paradigm includes syncretic forms.
(1)
| Sg1 | myn-i | |
|---|---|---|
| go-PST.1SG | Pl1 | myn-i-my |
go-PST-1PL
| Sg2 | myn-i-d | |
|---|---|---|
| go-PST-2SG | Pl2 | myn-i-dy |
go-PST-2PL
| Sg3 | myn-i-z | |
|---|---|---|
| go-PST-3SG | Pl3 | myn-i-zy |
go-PST-3PL
(2) (Bartens 2000: 223)
| Sg1 | myny-sal | |
|---|---|---|
| go-COND.1SG | Pl1 | myny-sal-my |
go-COND-1PL
| Sg2 | myny-sal(-yd) | |
|---|---|---|
| go-COND(-2SG) | Pl2 | myny-sal-dy |
go-COND-2PL
| Sg3 | myny-sal(-yz) | |
|---|---|---|
| go-COND(-3SG) | Pl3 | myny-sal-zy |
go-COND-3PL
(3) Bartens 2000: 183)
| Sg1 | myn-iśkem | |
|---|---|---|
| go-PST2.1SG | Pl1 | myn-iśkem-my |
go-PST2-1PL
| Sg2 | myn-em(-ed) | |
|---|---|---|
| go-PST2(-2SG) | Pl2 | myn-iľľam(-dy) |
go- PST2(-2PL)
| Sg3 | myn-em(-ez) | |
|---|---|---|
| go-PST2(-3SG) | Pl3 | myn-iľľam(-zy) |
go- PST2(-3PL)
In Udmurt, there are no syncretic forms within the indicative present, future, and simple past (1) paradigms, but syncretic forms exist within the conditional verbal paradigm (2) as well as the second past tense forms (3). In the conditional mood, Sg1, Sg2 and Sg3 forms can be syncretic: in first person singular there can be no person marking after the suffix indicating conditional mood, and in some dialects (cf. Kel’makov – Saarinen 1994: 128–129) there is no person marking after the mood marker in singular second and third person forms either (2). This way, indicating person information is optional either in both Sg2 and Sg3 forms (l. Bartens 2000: 223, Kozmács 2002: 94), or only in the case of the Sg2 form (l. Kel’makov – Hännikäinen 2008: 220). In the so-called second past tense paradigm, Sg2 and Sg3, or Pl2 and Pl3 forms can be syncretic due to the optionality of person marking (3) (Bartens 2000: 183, Leinonen – Vilkuna 2000: 496).
Author: Laura Horváth