(Udmurt)
SuffT & PerifT
SuffT: Tense is expressed through the use of a special suffix.
PerifT: Tense is expressed periphrastically.
| (1) | ton | myn-iśko-d |
|---|
| you | go‑PRS‑2SG |
| ‘you go’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008 : 28) |
| (2) | so | myn-e |
|---|
| (s)he | go‑3SG |
| ‘(s)he goes’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008 : 28) |
| (3) | ton | vetl-o-d |
|---|
| you | walk‑FUT‑2SG |
| ‘you will walk’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008 : 141) |
| (4) | ton | kora-lo-d |
|---|
| you | tree_cut‑FUT‑2SG |
| ‘you will fell trees’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008 : 141) |
| (5) | ton | dyšetsk-i-d |
|---|
| you | study‑PST‑2SG |
| ‘you studied’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008 : 179) |
| (6) | ton | kyrʒ́a-d |
|---|
| you | sing‑PST.2SG |
| ‘you sang’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008 : 179) |
| (7) | mon | myn-iśkem |
|---|
| I | go‑PST2.1SG |
| ton | myn-em-ed |
| you | go‑PST2‑2SG |
| so | myn-em |
| (s)he | go‑PST2.3SG |
| mi | myn-iśkem-my |
| we | go‑PST2‑1PL |
| ti | myn-iľľam-dy |
| you (pl) | go‑PST2‑2PL |
| soos | myn-iľľam |
| they | go‑PST2.3PL (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 199) |
| (8) | so | myn-i-z | val |
|---|
| (s)he | go-PST-3SG | AUX.PST |
| ‘(s)he left’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 268) |
| (9) | so | myn-em | val |
|---|
| (s)he | go‑PST2.1SG | AUX.PST |
| ‘(it seems that) (s)he left’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 268) |
| (10) | so | myn-em | vylem |
|---|
| (s)he | go‑PST2.1SG | AUX.2PST |
| ‘(it seems that) (s)he left’ (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008: 268) |
| (11) | ton, | otćy | pyry-ku-m, | šobret |
|---|
| you | there | enter‑PTCP.SIM‑1SG | blanket |
| ulyn | kyľľ-iśk-od | ńi | val. |
| under | lie‑PRS‑2SG | PCL | AUX.PST |
| ‘When I went in there you were already lying under the blanket.’ (Matveyev 2005: 116) |
| (12) | pići | dyr-jam | otćy | vetly-ny | jarat-iśk-o | val. |
|---|
| little | time‑ILL.1SG | there | go‑INF | love‑PRS‑1SG | AUX.PST |
| ‘When I was little I used to love going there.’ (UdmCorp.) |
| (13) | miľam | tatyn | kolhoz-yn | no | kar-yl-o | val |
|---|
| we.GEN | here | kolkhoz‑INE | PCL | do‑FREQ‑3PL | AUX.PST |
| no | mar | ke | aľi | analt-i-zy. | |
| and | we | PCL | now | neglect‑PST‑3PL | |
| ‘They used to do it here at the kolkhoz, but not any more.’ (Informant) |
| (14) | bab-ed | vera-lo-z | val. |
|---|
| grandma‑2SG | say‑FUT‑3SG | AUX.PST |
| ‘Your grandma would often say it.’ (Keľmakov 2006 : 211) |
In Udmurt, present tense is expressed by the -(i)śko morpheme (1), which has a zero form in third person (2). Future tense is also expressed using synthetic means, by the -o/-lo suffix: verbs ending in -y take the suffix -o (3), and verbs ending in -a combine with the suffix -lo (4). To express past meanings both synthetic and analytic forms can be used: the first (witness) past tense is a synthetic tense using the suffix -i with verbs ending in -y (5), and formed without a suffix in case the verb ends in -a (6). The second (non-witness) past tense has its own synthetic paradigm with the suffix -(e)m appearing everywhere (7). Udmurt has several analytic past tenses combining a certain verb form and an auxiliary: the auxiliary val is used for witness past (8)–(9), (11)–(14), whereas the auxiliary for non-witness past meanings is vylem (10). The different periphrastic past tense forms express other functions as well: first (8) and second past perfect (9)–(10) represent distant past (Keľmakov – Hännikäinen 2008 : 268); combining a present verb form and an auxiliary can express progressivity (11) and imperfectivity for a certain period of time (12), as well as pluractional habituality (13) (in the latter case the frequentative suffix -ly/-ľľa can also appear on the verbal root); the relatively rare combination of a future verb form and an auxiliary results in habitual readings (14); (Horváth 2015, 2018 : 93–94, 98, Perevoshchikov et al. 1962: 208).
Author: Laura Horváth
[🠐 back]
